Stop acting like you haven't seen positive real yields before

In the past few weeks, bond yields, especially at the longer end of the curve* have been rising. This is because markets are seeing the possibility that yields will remain high and inflation above the 2% threshold, as a result of higher-than-expected growth.

This is ostensibly bad news for wealth managers. Firstly, defensive portfolios, which mostly consist of bonds, have been losing value (as yields rise, prices fall). Second, higher yields tend to push more conservative investors into annuities. They can pay a low price now, and enjoy a good yield for a long time.

However, this reasoning can easily be challenged both on the basis of logic and of numbers. Defensive portfolios may be weak, but if someone is ready to buy the high yield, then they should own more, not less. Second, and more importantly, yields are high, to be sure, but not exceptionally so. At just above 4%, the US 10-year yield is roughly at mid-range versus its readings since 1990. If it looks high, it’s because we had fourteen years of artificially low  yields through quantitative easing. A resurgence in inflation ended that practice for the foreseeable future. Judging the 4% against the 2%-3% we were used to in the past few years is simply wrong. The average 10y yield between 1990 and 2008, a period with no Quantitative Easing, was 5.6%, by which standards the 4% is low.

Yes, one would say, but we also have a positive real yield (10y yield minus inflation). True. But we did so all of the time pre-QE and a lot of the time after QE. At roughly 1% (10y yield less the latest CPI reading), we are still at the bottom 40% of monthly observations since 1990. This means that 60% of the time real yields were higher.

So the conclusion is that we have seen real yields before and we have seen yields above 4% too. Nothing to get too excited about really. What we are seeing is simply part of yield curve normalisation, a result of abandoning years of ultra-easing policies.

Investors who believe that the present yield is very high, are, in effect, anticipating low demand, eventual deflation and a return to the pre-pandemic QE norm.

However,  no one can be certain what mean reversion (a return to lower yields and thus a rebound in prices) would look like. We have often said that 2023 is a year of uncertainty. The global economy is nowhere near its stable 2019 self. Growth is uncertain and could remain volatile for years, as geopolitical objectives take precedence over economic growth and stability objectives. In and by itself this means that central banks won’t be returning to very low yields anytime soon- as they have to maintain firepower for the unexpected. So, no one can guarantee that high yields are a bargain, as they could remain high for some time. They could even go higher. This means that someone who buys a 10-year bond for the yield will have to be patient for 10 years, and in the meantime risk high 70’s style inflation, or even very high interest rates. They could be stuck in this annuity for years, losing both capital value and suffering negative returns, if inflation rebounds.

What’s more important, is that they would be giving up on the diversified portfolio. This, from a statistical point of view, might be a mistake.

Taking monthly observations, a 60/40 equity/bond portfolio** beat the Global Aggregate Bond index 66% of the time since 1990 on a five-year basis. Even when yields were above 5%, the diversified portfolio beat the bond index 56% of the time on a 1-year basis and 59% on a 5-year basis. When real yields were positive, the diversified portfolio beat the bond index more than 6 times out of 10.

So even when we throw out economic and market forecasts, from a statistical point of view, someone abandoning diversification for the lure of a higher bond yield than they had in the past few years, is still playing against the odds.

Now one could buy a short term bond which offers a higher yield and doesn’t have that waiting period. Inflation won’t be an issue there. Nor is volatility. But what’s the point of a short-term annuity, especially if one will be required to rebuild their portfolio from scratch in the next two years?

Don’t get me wrong. Higher yields are indeed enticing. They could even lead many managers towards an overweight in their bond holdings. But, like all investments, they work best within an active portfolio approach. These are uncertain times. This is precisely what high yields tell us: that investors don’t know what growth, inflation, the yield curve or interest rates will look like in the foreseeable future. The question thus becomes a really simple one: at a time of extreme uncertainty and volatility, does one want to invest by themselves, trusting an annuity, or do they want to trust their portfolio manager and maintain a diversified approach – one designed specifically to mitigate the risk of high uncertainty.

*The yield curve is a plot of all yields, organised by maturity. On the left hand, are the shorter-term yields and progressing on the right, the longer term yields. Rate hikes, because they are short-term, affect mostly the shorter term of the curve. Inflation expectations, which tend to be more longer-term, usually affect long-term yields.
**S&P 500 and Bloomberg Global Aggregate Index

George Lagarias – Chief Economist