The latest 25bps rate hike by the Bank of England takes the base rate to 5.25%. Interest rates in the UK haven’t reached these levels since March 2008 – the depths of the Global Financial Crisis. Nevertheless, there are tentative signs that the impact of interest rate hikes is beginning to be felt. Inflation is beginning to fall, and there are indications that labour market pressures are beginning to ease. Total job vacancies have declined from their post pandemic highs (although remain above their pre-pandemic trend, indicating demand for workers is still high), while the latest unemployment figures indicated a small rise to 4.0%, defying expectations of no change.

However, the data is mixed. Wage pressures remain among the primary concerns of policymakers, as private and public sector regular pay rose by 7.7% and 5.8% respectively in the three months to May on an annualised basis, raising the likelihood of second-order inflationary effects. Core inflation also remains persistent, only declining marginally in June to 6.9%.

If there’s not enough evidence there for you to reliably conclude that inflation will reliably decline to below the central bank’s 2% target, then you’d be in the same camp as the Monetary Policy Committee, who imposed the rate hike last week by majority vote.

So, where do we go from here? Market expectations for interest rate hikes have been notoriously volatile and expectations for the terminal interest rate have come down significantly over the last month.

However, markets are still pricing in interest rate cuts within 9 to 12 months time. The Bank of England has faced criticism in recent months for their failures in forecasting inflation, with repeated underestimates resulting in inflation becoming increasingly embedded.  The Monetary Policy Committee is now laser-focused on the upside risks to inflation and as such it’s likely that interest rates will remain elevated for some time as the impact of interest rates takes time to work its way through the economy. In the absence of a severe financial accident, markets looking for rate cuts in the short term may be disappointed. That said, the central bank’s forecast for 6.9% inflation in Q3 does leave opportunity to surprise to the downside, which would likely prompt a reassessment of their current hawkish stance.

One thing is for certain however. The Bank of England faces some tough choices in the coming months. Data-dependency and a flexible approach to monetary policy will be critical in the bid to restore economic stability.

David Baker – Chief Investment Officer