The Bank of Japan captured most of the headlines last week, quite rightfully, as they began to unwind a decade of ultra-loose monetary policy. The proposal to relax yield curve control commitment, by purchasing Japanese government bonds at a yield of 1%, raises questions over whether the BoJ’s Policy Board sits on the verge of a return to monetary policy normality, being the sole monetary policy committee to maintain negative interest rates.

Meanwhile, central banks in other developed economies pressed onwards with their respective rate hiking cycles. The ECB and Federal Reserve both opted for an additional 25bps last week. However, a notably dovish tone emerged following the decisions, with both Jerome Powell and Christine Lagarde acknowledging that interest rates were beginning to have an impact on economic activity.

Nevertheless, the global economy has proved to be remarkably resilient in the face of persistent inflation. In particular, the US has defied all recession expectations despite enduring the fastest rate hiking cycle seen since 1980. Q2 US GDP figures released on Thursday last week pointed to an acceleration of growth to 2.4% on an annualised basis, far exceeding the consensus forecast of 1.8%. Headline inflation has also fallen significantly, slowing to 3% while core inflation has eased below 5%. It appears that the ‘goldilocks’ scenario of a soft landing is becoming increasingly likely.

There is an air of positivity surrounding markets and economic prospects. Even economists, rarely known for their jubilance, are adopting an increasingly constructive narrative. Securities markets have also all but priced in this optimal base case scenario, with the S&P 500 currently up almost 20% year-to-date. However, liquidity continues to drain from markets via Quantitative Tightening and both the ECB and Federal Reserve have made it apparent that further rate hikes cannot be ruled out. Critically, there is an increasing likelihood that central banks will hold rates at the terminal rate for much longer than market expectations. The market currently anticipates four rate cuts by the end of 2024, demonstrating complacency around the sticky inflation narrative. Yet, wage growth continues to be noticeably resilient across the globe, as people try to recoup their losses following a wave of higher prices and rising interest rates, raising the likelihood of inflation becoming increasingly entrenched.

As investors, the resilience of the global economy is a welcome relief from the doom and gloom of the sticky inflation narrative and current geopolitical uncertainty. However, it is important that we remain vigilant. A base case goldilocks scenario in markets, while consumers and businesses continue to wrestle with a higher interest rate environment, is a warning signal that is best acknowledged.

David Baker – Chief Investment Officer