The risk of a financial accident is being removed

One of the key risks we persistently flagged in the second part of last year has been the swiftly rising risks in the bond market. Bond risks are not like equities. They are not linear, which means that they can escalate very quickly. The bond market is much bigger than the equity market and the effects of defaults can quickly spread out to other asset classes. Long-time asset managers will attest that the bonds is where the real financial system lies. The US 10-year rate, the global risk-free asset (unless the US Congress surprises us this summer) is the cornerstone of most portfolios globally.

The Fed performed the fastest rate hike in the last forty years, against a bond market that never expected inflation to stage a comeback or rates to take off for at least a generation. It had learned to rely on central banks and cheap printed money, thinning out traders for a decade and a half. Yields rose fast and spreads widened. The Fed’s insistence on a very hawkish tone added fuel to the fire and a financial accident was imminent. This was the situation just a few weeks ago.

Yet, since the beginning of the year, rates began to climb down and credit spreads tightened as markets anticipated that weaker inflation data would eventually lead the Fed to take its foot off the pedal. Investors are returning to bond markets not just because they anticipate rate cuts, but also because they like the yield. In the last few days, Fed officials have confirmed that they would continue to hike but with single-rate hikes (0.25%), while some have alluded to a pause after three more hikes.

So what we have is a Fed that hiked aggressively against a bond market that wasn’t ready for it in any way. Inflation is currently retreating. As we enter what is presumed to be the final stretch of rate hikes before a pause, we look back and -not without some amazement- realise that nothing major has visibly broken. No bankruptcies that would shake the world, no emergency lending facilities, no bank runs. After fourteen years of rewriting regulations, transferring risk off banks, and flushing the system with cash, the need arose to test the resilience of the system in real-time. Could it survive an aggressive rate hike cycle and a return to rate hawkishness? The Fed took a very big risk, a leap of faith that its work over the past decade and a half was enough, and was vindicated.
The spoils of victory?

• The eventual normalisation of the yield curve, which should create conditions for credit to flow more freely and towards the direction of healthier companies (as opposed to the QE regime)
• The end of the need to print money anytime the equity market throws a tantrum.

There are several observations we should make going forward:
a) The global financial system is apparently way more resilient now than it was in 2007
b) Residual liquidity after 14 years of unfettered money printing is enough to keep the system going for some time
c) There’s no need (from a risk perspective) for quantitative easing to return anytime soon.

Having said that, we can’t break out the champagne just yet. With the financial system (banks, equity and bond markets) coming out of multiple triple rate hikes visibly unscathed, the bulk of risk is now transferred to the economic and policy sphere. This means that we can still see resurgent market volatility and downturns in the next few months.
The US could decide to default on its debt in the summer. Congress is as divided as it has ever been and fiscal hawks have a lot of pull. The CDS on US bonds has jumped in the past few days as speculation increases that a Republican House could cause a technical default a rating downgrade.

While this is possible, we would focus more on the economic risks. Real Estate and China. Global Real Estate markets are in disarray and house prices in the US and EU are falling. New bank regulations are forcing banks to acknowledge potential unrealised losses in Real Estate, their bread and butter. This could put a lot of pressure on the banking system in the next few months, at a time when net interest margins have thinned and trading profit dropped.
The other key risk is the possibility of ‘sticky inflation’. This could come as the result of two things: resurgent Chinese demand and/or sticky services inflation. Basic materials prices are already up nearly 20% in the last three months, as China reopened. If energy prices rebound significantly, the Fed could decide to pursue more rate hikes, potentially hurting a buoyant bond market.

The good news is that economic risks are much slower to materialise than financial risks, leaving room for policymakers to manoeuvre.
We are seeing the ‘Good scenario’ play out.
Nevertheless, we were right to worry about the financial risk build-up. As money management fiduciaries, we are literally paid to worry so that holders of investment portfolios won’t have to. The fact that we didn’t have a financial accident, doesn’t mean that the Fed didn’t risk one. We would rather err on the side of caution.
Having said that, it’s good to be reminded every few years of the regenerative power of the capitalist system. A system that, apparently, can thrive on cheap money, but can also find ways to turn a profit without it. Owning an investment portfolio is nothing, if not a modicum of optimism that the system endures stresses and that prudent long-term asset allocators can navigate successfully through the inevitable crises.

George Lagarias – Chief Economist