Quelling inflation: The Fed's sole objective

2008-2022: The end of an era, and the beginning of another

Markets have sustained significant losses in the past few days, as a result of persisting inflation driving interest rates sharply higher and undermining growth. Global stocks are now 22% and global investment-grade bonds 19.6% below their December highs. Volatility is significant. As a result, global portfolios are experiencing their worst year in at least two decades.

One year ago, inflation, which was absent for two decades, rose. This was seen as mostly the result of Covid-19 lockdowns ending abruptly and disrupting supply chains. Thus, it was dismissed as transitory. As inflation persisted, the US Federal Reserve, the world’s de facto central bank, became increasingly more aggressive on interest rates around the turn of the year. The idea was to prevent lingering supply-side inflation from becoming a self-feeding vicious cycle of wage growth leading to demand inflation. Even then, around January, central banks felt that inflation could be controlled.

The war in Ukraine upended those calculations, driving prices for raw materials (feeding into hundreds of supply chains) significantly higher. Instead of slowing, inflation accelerated, forcing central banks to increase interest rates and begin reducing the vast supply of money that has lifted risk assets since 2008. As a result, markets are now pricing in much slower growth (and possibly a recession).

The US Federal Reserve’s meeting on Thursday 16 June 2022 marked the end of an era. The US central bank, the bedrock of the global financial system, made it clear that fighting inflation is more important than fostering growth or supporting prices for financial assets. A cycle of unfettered money-printing at the first sign of volatility that started in September 2008, ended.

A new world
In six short months, the Fed went from an aggressive money-printing regime to an aggressive tightening regime. Not only will it hike interest rates for consumers and businesses in a bid to prevent inflation from taking hold, but it will sharply reduce its asset purchases (so-called Quantitative Easing), removing liquidity from the market.

As the Fed clearly suggested that the goal of lowering inflation will have priority over anything else, we are now moving away from a 40-year paradigm of the US central bank underwriting growth for global risk assets, stocks and bonds. The problem is that moving from ultra-accommodative to ultra-tight may not be a seamless operation. Changing from the role of an over-protective parent to ‘you are on your own’, in a very short space of time, often creates shock and volatility. Markets are in need of a new paradigm.

In other words, we are in a new world, and it will take time to determine what sort of world it is. However, the basic assumption of capitalism and the reason to hold long-term portfolios is that the world may change but ultimately capitalism manages to reinvent itself.

George Lagarias – Chief Economist