The Price of Action

Market Update

UK financial markets were rocked last week by UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Kwasi Kwarteng’s mini budget, which promised a slew of tax cuts in a bid to stimulate economic growth. The Pound plunged to as low as $1.083 on Friday as markets expressed doubts over the Chancellor’s plan, and fell further to a record low of $1.035 on Monday after the Chancellor reaffirmed his commitment to the policies despite the market unease. Widespread turmoil was also seen in the gilt market, as traders saw the tax cuts as likely to lead to higher interest rates and inflation. Over the week, UK 2 year yields rose by 89 basis points, 10 year yields rose by 69 basis points, and 30 year yields rose by 59 basis points. Markets also reacted to hawkish central banks: the Federal Reserve raised interest rates by 0.75%, the Bank of England by raised rates 0.5%, with many European countries following suit. Global and US stocks fell by more than 4% in local terms, but were largely flat in Sterling terms due to the currency’s weakness.

CIO Analysis

Last Friday, new UK Chancellor Kwasi Kwarteng, one of the most academically achieved members of Parliament, delivered the most comprehensive budget in decades. Significant tax cuts, energy subsidies, more investments and bold de-regulation plans. All in a bid to stoke waning growth. This is as close as the Singapore-on-the-Thames Brexit future has come to becoming reality. His plans would cost an initial £70bn. This is without considering second and third-order effects, like further interest rate hikes or a response from the EU (and the US) when it comes to regulation parity.  The cornerstone of his argument was that the UK has the fiscal space to proceed with such an expansion, as it is the second least indebted nation in the G7.

Taken in isolation both arguments stand to reason:

  1. UK growth is sub-par and something needs to be done about it
  2. The UK has the fiscal headroom to spend

However, markets were not convinced. As of early Monday morning, the combined two-day effect of the Pound has been worse than when George Soros ‘broke’ the Bank of England in 1992 and was surpassed only by the Brexit Referendum itself.

George Bernard Shaw once warned: “Beware of false knowledge. It is often more dangerous than ignorance”.

Mr Kwarteng’s attempt to rekindle growth through tax cuts and ‘less government’ echoes the Conservative party’s market interventions in the early eighties. Nevertheless, as we have often said, both in the UK and the US, the 80s narrative is half the story. The other half is dangerously silent. While de-regulating markets and curtailing the power of unions contributed to headline growth, they also caused a significant uptick in income inequality, which means that this growth was not equally distributed.

This is because that growth was not so much a product of the other government policies, as it was the consequence of silently de-regulating banks. In a free market economy, that has always been the trick to stoke growth. Banks are a very efficient mechanism to print money and, when not too constricted, give it to the right businesses that can contribute to growth.

A repetition of the 1980’s playbook, in both interest rates, lower taxes and oversight without actual bank de-regulation might yield very different results. While it could yet succeed, it has certainly started on the wrong foot, and it will take a long time for the new British government to convince international investors of its vision. We would not be writing the learned Mr Kwarteng yet off. But he will have to fight sceptical markets, disillusioned ‘red wall’ voters, the Eurozone and, possibly, his own central bank. We would not be surprised, by the way, if the Bank made some sort of intervention today to stabilise the Pound, like hinting at faster rate hikes.

Along with the Bank, the other thing that might rescue the Pound today is Italy.

Most investors will be fixated on the first statements by Georgia Meloni, who’s heading a Right-wing alliance in Italy and who is poised to become the country’s first female Prime Minister. Silvio Berlusconi, 85, is also making a comeback to the political stage, after being booted off his Premiership in 2012. Portfolio managers have one single question: is Europe preparing for another big debt crisis, and markets for yet another systemic event, this time without the central bank safety net?

At $2.7 billion (which is now more than €2.7b), Italy’s debt is the second highest in the Eurozone (150% of GDP) and by far the largest in the currency union. Unlike Greece, Ireland or Portugal, Italy’s debt obligations are way above any commitment the European Central Bank or the Eurozone itself can make, should a default become reality. Italy is both ‘too big to fail’ and, consequently, ‘too big to save’.  Italian CDS spreads, a measure of risk, are a bit higher this morning, but if the new government makes any unexpected comments, it would take a central bank intervention to keep spreads within a reasonable range.

Behind Italians electing a far-right government, and the UK’s bold approach to the budget there is a common theme: Western electorates are tired of slow growth and demand action. Social media exacerbate popular pressure as acrimony builds up causing careful planning to give way to ‘emergency action’. The message from Italy is sound: ‘Where you, the politicians, will not dare, we shall’. Markets, on the other hand, don’t like surprises and would look for the risks of bold action, as the Pound’s movement suggests. Their reactions may be an afterthought. Policymakers increasingly feel they have a mandate to ‘shake things up’. For better or for worse, we might well be past the point where careful policy-making will be enough to restore social and economic equilibriums while maintaining a visible horizon for investors. Where market-driven growth is not available, the state must do whatever it can to protect its key industries and, wherever there’s an advantage, be antagonistic and take some of the growth from countries.

David Baker, CIO