What do you do when the ‘only game in town’ is a bad one?

Markets crashed at the back end of last week, as US inflation surprised again on the upside, registering a new cycle-high. The S&P 500 is back below 4000 points, as investors are pricing in a more aggressive policy stance.

Frankly, we are somewhat surprised also. Not by persisting inflation but by the fact that markets seem surprised. Often, forecasters get hung up on the year-on-year effect on the numbers. Inflation was already up 5% in April 2021, the thinking goes. Therefore, this April, the previous inflation effect goes away and the final number should be pressured down. This approach would make sense if we were talking about the same inflation cycle. However, we are not. What we are seeing is two supply-side inflation cycles running back-to-back. 

Last year, inflation was all about post-pandemic supply chain dislocations. While supply chains remain at the epicentre of rising prices, this time around, the reason is not simply pandemic-related dislocations but a confluence of much more severe and impactful events:

  • The war in Ukraine which push up food prices
  • The sanctions on resource-producing Russia push up energy and raw materials prices
  • The Chinese slowdown, a result of lockdowns and more long-term factors

China especially is a big cause for concern. Its zero-Covid policy, following a crackdown on key industries in the past twelve months, is forcing developed market firms to reconsider their supply chains. This is, in and by itself, a cause for a 2-3 year inflationary bout as firms relocate and redesign their value chains.

We believe that supply-side inflation pressures may continue to build up. Sanctions on Russia are hurting developed markets, especially Europe, as much as their intended targets.

Classic economic cycle theory suggests that first inflation rises, then rates rise, then the economy slows along with inflation, at which point central banks revert to monetary accommodation, kicking off a new bull market cycle.

Investors don’t care much about the economy, or inflation, or even interest rates. They remain fixed on the ‘only game in town’, monetary accommodation. As long as numbers persist in their current direction, volatility and sell-offs on any sign of strength, the hallmark characteristics of a bear market, will remain the norm.

However, this time around, timing may not be so convenient. The reasons behind this inflationary bout are serious (war, sanctions, China, value chain transformation) and could last for a long time. Thus, inflation could keep rising, even as the economy is taking a nosedive. Investors expecting, or rather wishing, inflation away in the next 3-4 months could be in for a disappointment. Likewise, central banks waiting for the number to come down so they can resume their accommodative policy before the economy crashes, could find themselves in a pickle. They might have to actively choose between an economic recession with unforeseen consequences and continuing the fight against persistent global inflation. 

Investors need to remain fast, and confident. If solutions don’t come from policy makers, then they will come from lower valuations and a return to more traditional measures of corporate value. It could take time. But in the history of capitalism, long-term systematic investors are rewarded. 

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But still, there’s the endgame to consider. Taking a bird’s eye view of the state of the global economy, we can see that the final stage in a classic debt-driven boom-bust cycle is monetary devaluation. In other words, after printing a lot of money (not the first time in history that’s happened), consumers begin to question the value of money. With it, they begin to question the institutions behind basic economic structures, such as central banks or governments. The classic hallmarks, such as rising inequality and political polarisation, are here. After the decline is finished, the world is redesigned, and with it a new world order. This long cycle may have lasted forty years (since 1982) and could soon be over.

But redesigning the world comes with consequences. In the past, where countries could not maintain their economic prominence with trade, they resorted to war. In a nuclear era this is not easy. Even taking nuclear weapons out of the equation, modern weapons are cheap and destructive enough to cause casualties even in the best-trained armies. Russia has failed to take Ukraine swiftly and it is now bogged down in a long war. A year before, the mighty United States left Afghanistan, which reverted to its pre-2002 form in a matter of days. The occupation of Iraq, Saddam’s attack on Kuwait, Russia’s invasion of Afghanistan, and Vietnam, all illustrate the same point: modern weapons ensure that war is not the answer to economic woes.

Thus, the endgame remains unresolved.

George Lagarias – Chief Economist