The seesaw effect: falling equities amid ever-rising inflation

The strict definition of a ‘Bear Market’ is one where an index has dropped more than 20% from its high point. In an age of algo-driven volatility, which amplifies upward and downward movements, it’s probably safe to discard that definition. Instead, we could define a bear market as ‘the general tendency to ‘sell on strength’, rather than ‘buy on weakness, a direct result of general investor pessimism. There’s certainly a lot of that going on these days. Equity rebounds are almost immediately followed by sharp selloffs. The fact that bond prices have also been falling throughout makes the bear market more ‘systemic’, and the lives of asset allocators that much more difficult.

When will this end?


Historically, Bear Markets last for a few months to a couple of years. This time around, it is actually up to the sixteen officers at the Fed who decide the speed and velocity of quantitative tightening. The quicker tightening slows, or ends, the quicker we will see an end to volatility and the return of market bullishness. Note that we didn’t say interest rates. Although higher cost of money will have a longer-term economic impact, it is the immediate retraction of liquidity from markets that is affecting risk assets. And it seems that the Fed continues to be the ‘Only Game in Town’.

The good news is that this loosening-tightening cycle is well defined. The central bank increases money supply and spurs economic and financial activity. At some point (and that could be a long while), inflation occurs. That prompts the central bank to start tightening aggressively. The markets are the first to suffer. High inflation, high rates and weaker markets prompt an economic slowdown soon after. At some point, the recession (financial or economic) becomes more important than inflation. Either because numbers are too terrible or because inflation has started to stabilise. This prompts central banks to start loosening again, and a new cycle begins.

So, when will the Bear Market end?

If the Fed is the only game in town, then a dovish Fed is the necessary condition for risk assets to thrive.

For the Fed It will take one of two conditions – whichever comes first.

  1. When the Fed is convinced that inflation is slowing down
  2. When the economy enters a recession or slows down enough for employment to be affected.

Now, we don’t believe that supply-side inflation can really be directly controlled by the Fed. It would take an extreme crunch in American demand for the whole global product cycle to be meaningfully affected. The Fed could have changed its stance well before things turned that bad. Which means that inflation may rise or fall, independently of what the Fed does. This would make the window between Fed decisions and the fall of inflation random.

But where the Fed has power, is to affect US demand. That’s why the second scenario is more likely: That the Fed will turn dovish only when it feels that present economic and financial risks outweigh the risks of residual inflation. And because US employment conditions are likely to remain tight for structural reasons, ultimately, it will probably be growth that may force the Fed’s hand.

In other words, market returns will likely depend on how quickly the US central bank can put the breaks on consumer demand. The key indicator to watch is consumer resilience. If the underlying post-pandemic economy is weak, it won’t be long before the central bank turns dovish again. If consumers are stronger than we think (see last week’s UK retail data), it could be longer.

Is it back to ‘bad news is good news’? Absolutely. As long as accommodation is the only game in town, then investors may become bolder on bad news.
Thus, holders of risk assets need to monitor US growth conditions and look at the Fed’s speakers’ subtle hints that the direction is changing. Milder, or at least more stable inflation readings, will go a long way, but that particular metric is not so dependent on the Fed.

The real question though is not whether or even when will the Fed turn dovish again. It’s how long will that dovishness last? If consumers have somehow been changed after the pandemic and are willing to consume more, then dovish-hawkish cycles would revert to their mean. A roughly five year expansion followed by a two year contraction. But if underlying aggregate demand remains soft, then the answer is that we could very well be looking into another long dovish spell after the current, briefer, hawkish one. And with it, the next -long- bull market.

George Lagarias – Chief Economist