Federal Reserve remains 'the only game in town'

On Thursday, US equities experienced one of their worst days in the last two years. The global equity benchmark S&P 500 index lost 3.56% and the Dow Jones shed around 1000 points, a number which usually makes headlines. The bond market also dropped, in typical post-QE fashion and the 10-year US bond yield topped 3% for the second day in a row. 

However, we need to note that what we experienced does not appear to be part of a wider equity sell-off episode, but rather retrenchment following a very profitable Wednesday. The move comes exactly one day after the S&P 500 had gained 3% and the Dow Jones was up 930 points. Ostensibly, the reason behind this whipsaw move was the Fed’s commentary on Wednesday. After hiking rates half a percentage point (the steepest one-session hike in twenty-two years), Jay Powell said that the central bank did not intend to proceed with 0.75% hikes. The market rallied on the day and retrenched on the next. However, market-implied rates never suggested that investors were pricing in a triple hike in a single meeting. At the time of writing European and UK markets were down roughly half a percentage point, simply catching up to the total two-day movement in the US. This means that some investors thought that the Fed was slightly more dovish than expected and upped their bets, while others saw Wednesday’s jump as an opportunity to take profit.

The lesson from this is that after a great day, many investors chose to treat the profit as a windfall and take it, instead of considering it a trend and fuelling a rally. This is perfectly rational behaviour. In a Quantitative Easing environment, investors are likely to buy when the market dips or when the trend if favourable. Conversely, in a Quantitative Tightening environment, investors are more likely to sell on strength.

Before 2021 was out we had expressed concerns that 2022 was slated to be a volatile year as quantitative easing, essentially a risk-suppression policy, was ending. This was before the Fed’s sharply hawkish turn and the war in Ukraine- which has been further stoking inflation. These two events have only exacerbated volatility and augmented our original view.

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We also have to note that this is a very fast market. European markets did not have a chance to follow US equities between Wednesday afternoon and Friday morning, due to the time differential. This is evidence we are just looking at a volatility episode, rather than a wider sell-off.

Putting it into perspective

We find ourselves in a unexpectedly high inflationary environment where equities and bonds are pressured, both in real and nominal terms.

As portfolio managers we keep reminding ourselves that the market we knew for almost fourteen years, where the Fed was the ‘only game in town’ is now unwinding. Thus volatility is normal. Those years have given us returns significantly above average. From 2009 to 2021 the 60/40 (60% equity/40% bond) global portfolio delivered on average 7.4%, compared to a 30-year average of 5.9%. At the same time, equity and bond volatility was 13% and 4.5% respectively, both roughly 9/10ths of average. Numbers for the US alone are more impressive.

But markets on occasion have bad years, especially around the end of paradigms. 2008 (the Global Financial Crisis), 2000-2002(the dot.com bubble), 2018 (quantitative tightening), and of course 2022 (the great inflation crisis). This sort of volatility is part and parcel of long-term investing.

Investors should take note that three years stand out amongst the top six since 1992: 2003, 2009, 2019, the exact year a big downturn. Downturns tend to be cyclical and markets tend rebound.

When will this episode end?

Currently, the Fed is still the ‘only game in town’, so it’s hawkishness is causing market volatility. For fourteen years Fed officials had conditioned markets to ignore all other signals but those they emitted themselves. Now, investors are in need of a new positive paradigm.

The reason we are fundamentally optimistic is that most scenarios are good for investors over the longer term.

Over the shorter term, .e. the next six months, it is unlikely that inflation will come down. The confluence of supply chain pressures, labour shortages and the war in Ukraine will likely keep prices elevated. However, beyond that period, economic activity should have started to cool, possibly even quicker than expected as China continues to slow down.

Although it looks like the Fed Put and Quantitative Easing are off the table for the time being, we believe that at its core, the US Federal Reserve is a dovish, market-friendly institution. While the FOMC (the Fed’s rate setting body) is dominated by hawks, we should remember that the Fed has successfully supported financial markets for the last fifty years. Inflation itself is probably yet not entrenched, as fourteen years of poor economic returns have removed long term pricing power away from labour. And we expect to see more help from the fiscal side of things if the economy cools down too fast. The point we are making is that the situation is dynamic and evolving. Bear markets and recessions bring policy reaction-which in turn usually sets up the stage for the next bust. Boom and bust is something investors need to get used to again. But maintaining a diversified portfolio is essentially a bet that capitalism will continue to reinvent itself to find solutions, just as it did in 2009 and so many times before that.

George Lagarias – Chief Economist