Thought Leadership | 11 February 2020
Since 2018, a key concern of
financial markets has been the increasing trade tensions between the United
States and China, more commonly referred to as the ‘trade war’. With delays and
failed negotiations lasting over a year, markets finally breathed a sigh of
relief on the 15th of January, as the US President Donald Trump hailed
a trade truce with Beijing in the form of a ‘phase one’ trade agreement. The
two year-long trade disruption has already taken a toll on the global economy,
as China, the world’s marginal consumer for capital goods has slowed down its
purchases from other nations. The question in investors’ minds is: can the
truce hold long enough to help the global economy pick up the pace?
The centerpiece of the trade agreement is a commitment by China to import an additional $200 billion worth of American goods and services over the next two years. Chapter 6 of the agreement contains details of the commitments for China to make additional purchases of $77 billion in 2020 and $123 billion in 2021 as per the 2017 pre-trade war baseline level. A good gauge to assess if this is an achievable target is to analyse how much China already imports from the US. In 2017, China imported almost $134 billion worth of goods and services from the US. However, this fell to around $120 billion in 2018 as buyers shunned American soy and corn as the trade war was declared.
If fulfilled, China’s purchases
will increase to $210 billion and $257 billion in 2020 and 2021 respectively,
amounting to a 92% increase in imports into China and an 18% annualised US
export growth over 2017-2021. For perspective, US export growth to China
averaged 20% per annum when China’s economy was booming in the early 2000s. Bearing
in mind the fact that China’s economy is currently growing at around 6% (which
is nearly half of what it was in the early 2000s), sustaining 18% annual export
growth presents a significant challenge, particularly as Chinese demand for soy
beans has been hit by the swine flu epidemic.
Whilst it will be difficult to
evaluate whether China has met its 2020 target until March 2021, which is when
the official US trade statistics for 2020 will be available, the clock is
ticking. The agreement consists of a dispute resolution chapter which has two
possible solutions. The first is a process of bilateral consultations between
the two countries, without any third party arbitrators like the World Trade Organisation.
Post these consultations, if it is established that China has not purchased the
required amounts as stated in Chapter 6 of the agreement, the second solution
is a proportional retaliation from the US.
So, is it realistically possible
for China to effectively double its purchases from the US over the next two
years? This question matters, because with unrealistic export targets, the deal
may be doomed from the start. Whilst China has signed the agreement and
accepted the dispute resolution process, there is very little that prevents
China from pulling out of the deal, as there are no termination clauses in the
agreement.
Since 2018, the Chinese economy
has faced a slowdown in growth and rise in unemployment. Whilst tariffs imposed
in July 2019 stay in place despite the agreement, China now has a bigger
problem on its hands – the coronavirus; arguably a black swan in nature given few (if any!) market strategists had this written down as a
major risk in their 2020 outlooks. The coronavirus originated from the
Chinese city of Wuhan, a major business hub which is currently in lockdown. The
spread of the virus has caused major disruptions to air travel, with major
airlines refusing to operate flights to the region. Chinese manufacturing hubs
in Jiangsu, Changning and Guangdong have been shut down beyond the week-long
lunar New Year holiday. Shutting down crucial parts of the world’s largest
economy has subsequently had significant knock-on effects for the global
economy.
The coronavirus outbreak arrived
at a time when it appeared that the global market outlook was improving. With a
lower for longer global interest rate environment and hopes for improvement in global
growth after the signing of the “phase one” trade agreement, equity valuations
were looking impressive. Prices took their first hit after last month’s
assassination of Iran’s top general, Qasem Soleimani, by the US. The coronavirus
hit markets once again, with Chinese markets experiencing their weakest opening
in 15 years, down more than 7%, coupled with significant shocks to the
commodity markets, with the oil price down nearly 11%.
The spread of the virus has led
China to facilitate a new wave of ‘forced de-globalisation’. Barriers to trade are
currently being implemented not to scale back trade and migration, rather as a
manner of minimising the spread of infection. Though, the economic effects of
these remain as expected. With lower business confidence and reduced
international trade, policymakers can seek to provide stimulus to support global
growth, but remain somewhat powerless in jumpstarting business’ economic
activity. This leaves the global economy relying on nature’s will – a
circumstance not favoured by financial markets.
The ‘phase one’ deal targets were
adventurous to begin with. Coronavirus will make them even harder, but could be
used as a mitigating factor if the political will in the US for further trade
wars wane. And of course, by the time March 2021 comes around, there may be a
different administration in place in the White House, but certainly not in
Beijing.
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